SIPRI – STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
ANNUAL REPORT ON GLOBAL ARMS EXPENDITURE
SIPRI 2007 YEARBOOK – MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ARMS PRODUCTION (Excerpts)
Source: www.sipri...
Who purchases arms and military equipment?
Annual global military spending (2006): $US 1200 billion ($US 1.2 trillion)
3.5% increase from 2005 ($US 184/per capita; i.e. each citizen in the world contributes $184 annually for arms purchases!)
2.5% of world GDP spent on arms and military equipment
37% increase over last ten years (1997-2006)
To put this amount in perspective, the G8 annually contribute $US 50 billion in so-called “aid” to officially “fight poverty” in the so-called Third World which comprises +80% of the world population ( 5 billion people ).
Largest military spender: the USA with $US 528 billion/year ($US 177/per capita) = 46% of global annual military spending with less than 5% of global population!
53% increase from 2001-2006 since attacks on world trade centre on sept.11, 2001 (from $US 343 billion to $US 528 billion)
15 countries = 83% of total global annual military spending ($US 964 billion) accounting for 56% of global population.
Patterns and actors of major armed conflict
Inter-States: War between States
Intra-States: War within States
Non-States actors: “rebels”, “terrorists”, etc.
Link between arms expenditure and inter-states and intra-states military conflict
2006-07: 20 intra-states conflicts
Africa annual military spending (2006):
$US 15.5 billion (1.3% increase since 2005)
51% increase over the last 10 years from 1997-2006 mainly from North Africa & Algeria (50%).
Largest military spenders in Africa
North Africa share: 50% ( $US 7 billion)
(Algeria: $US 3.5 billion)
South Africa: $US 3.6 billion (1.5% of GDP)
Thus, North Africa and South Africa together account for $US 10.6 billion = 70% of arms expenditure in Africa)
Algeria largest spender in North Africa (46% share) and 2nd largest in Africa after South Africa.
South Africa has the largest military budget in Africa ( $3.6 billion = 1.5% of GDP)
Note: Military sector accountable to civil authorities; key guidelines for control of the military have been created. (see Leroux, “South Africa: Budgeting for the military sector in S.A. The processes and mechanisms of control.)
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) share
46 States in SSA = $US 5 billion.
Areas competing for national resources:
Military and Social sector
Military spending made at the expense of social welfare services ( health, education, etc) and economic development.
Note: Angola & Burundi: 5.7% & 6.2% of GDP = annual arms expenditure, with lowest social welfare and economic development spending.
Latin America military spending (2006)
$ 32.7 billion
5% increase over 2005
18% increase from 1997-2006
Venezuela highest rate of military spending
35% increase since 2004, in response to perceived threath from US invasion.
Asia and Oceania military spending
$ 185 billion
5% increase since 2005 ( $ US 9 billion)
India & China = 40% ($ US 74 billion)
China: 12% increase in 2006
India: 7% increase in 2006
Japan 2nd largest military spender after China
South Korea: 7% increase
Autralia: 5% increase
Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia decreased spending.
Note: Japan constitution only allows the use of force for defensive purposes only in response to an attack on the country ( defense vs offense)
Japan capped military spending to 1% of GDP. Still the largest military spender in Asia/Oceania after China due to ts large GDP.
China: exceeded Japan in 2006. Biggest in the region and 4th in the world! Est. at 50-100 billion/year. 195% increase from 1997-2006!
Europe
Annual spending: $US 280-350 billion
10% increase from 1997-2006 ($28 billion)
Increase by 0,5% ($1.5 billion) since 2005
Reflects large increase in Russia, Spain, Turkey.
Decrease in Germany, Italy and UK.
Azerbaijan and Belarus (oil- rich ex-soviet republics in Eastern Europe) account for world’s highest increase (82% & 56%)
Croatia, Estonia. Latvia, Slovenia, Russia increase by 10% in 2006.
Hungary and Italy decreased military spending by 10% in 2006.
European Defense Agency
Consolidated military spending among EU countries to coordinate military procurements, research & development, to reduce costs and to profit from economies of scale.
Russia
$US 34.7 billion
4th largest spender in Europe
11% of total
12% increase in 2006
155% increase since 1998
2.5-3% of GDP
Eastern Europe
Highest increase of last 2 years
Georgia increased by 185% from 2005
Azeirbaijan increased by 82%
Armenia increased by 17%
Belarus increased by 56%
Middle East military expenditures (2006)
$ US 72.5 billion = 6% of total
2.8% increase over 2005
Saudi Arabia largest annual increase (14%); 57% increase from 1996-2007
Military expenditures in Sausi Arabia tend to follow oil prices
Region with highest GDP-military spending ratio; average 6% of GDP (1997-2005)
due to lack of transparency and accountability in military budget (i.e. 2007 BAE arms deal in UK > corruption involving “prince” badar, SA ambassador to the US)
Saudi Arabia increase due to threaths from Iran and other Shiite dominated countries in the region.
Biggest spender in the region ( 40% of total military spending in the middle east in 2006)
64% increase from 1996-2007
Israel
2nd largest military spender in middle east after Saudi Arabia
“democracy” but military budget secret.
Iran
3rd largest military spender in middle east after Israel.
23% increase`from 1996-2006
Largest increase in the region
Threaths perceived by US pressure in the region and tension over its nuclear program with the Int’community.
Conclusions
World military expenditure increased in 2006
US increase by 62%
US share in world total: 46%
(regional annual average increase offset by decreases in other countries)
SIPRI – STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
ANNUAL REPORT ON GLOBAL ARMS EXPENDITURE
SIPRI 2007 YEARBOOK – MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ARMS PRODUCTION (Excerpts)
Source: www.sipri...
Who purchases arms and military equipment?
Annual global military spending (2006): $US 1200 billion ($US 1.2 trillion)
3.5% increase from 2005 ($US 184/per capita; i.e. each citizen in the world contributes $184 annually for arms purchases!)
2.5% of world GDP spent on arms and military equipment
37% increase over last ten years (1997-2006)
To put this amount in perspective, the G8 annually contribute $US 50 billion in so-called “aid” to officially “fight poverty” in the so-called Third World which comprises +80% of the world population ( 5 billion people ).
Largest military spender: the USA with $US 528 billion/year ($US 177/per capita) = 46% of global annual military spending with less than 5% of global population!
53% increase from 2001-2006 since attacks on world trade centre on sept.11, 2001 (from $US 343 billion to $US 528 billion)
15 countries = 83% of total global annual military spending ($US 964 billion) accounting for 56% of global population.
Patterns and actors of major armed conflict
Inter-States: War between States
Intra-States: War within States
Non-States actors: “rebels”, “terrorists”, etc.
Link between arms expenditure and inter-states and intra-states military conflict
2006-07: 20 intra-states conflicts
Africa annual military spending (2006):
$US 15.5 billion (1.3% increase since 2005)
51% increase over the last 10 years from 1997-2006 mainly from North Africa & Algeria (50%).
Largest military spenders in Africa
North Africa share: 50% ( $US 7 billion)
(Algeria: $US 3.5 billion)
South Africa: $US 3.6 billion (1.5% of GDP)
Thus, North Africa and South Africa together account for $US 10.6 billion = 70% of arms expenditure in Africa)
Algeria largest spender in North Africa (46% share) and 2nd largest in Africa after South Africa.
South Africa has the largest military budget in Africa ( $3.6 billion = 1.5% of GDP)
Note: Military sector accountable to civil authorities; key guidelines for control of the military have been created. (see Leroux, “South Africa: Budgeting for the military sector in S.A. The processes and mechanisms of control.)
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) share
46 States in SSA = $US 5 billion.
Areas competing for national resources:
Military and Social sector
Military spending made at the expense of social welfare services ( health, education, etc) and economic development.
Note: Angola & Burundi: 5.7% & 6.2% of GDP = annual arms expenditure, with lowest social welfare and economic development spending.
Latin America military spending (2006)
$ 32.7 billion
5% increase over 2005
18% increase from 1997-2006
Venezuela highest rate of military spending
35% increase since 2004, in response to perceived threath from US invasion.
Asia and Oceania military spending
$ 185 billion
5% increase since 2005 ( $ US 9 billion)
India & China = 40% ($ US 74 billion)
China: 12% increase in 2006
India: 7% increase in 2006
Japan 2nd largest military spender after China
South Korea: 7% increase
Autralia: 5% increase
Japan, Taiwan and Malaysia decreased spending.
Note: Japan constitution only allows the use of force for defensive purposes only in response to an attack on the country ( defense vs offense)
Japan capped military spending to 1% of GDP. Still the largest military spender in Asia/Oceania after China due to ts large GDP.
China: exceeded Japan in 2006. Biggest in the region and 4th in the world! Est. at 50-100 billion/year. 195% increase from 1997-2006!
Europe
Annual spending: $US 280-350 billion
10% increase from 1997-2006 ($28 billion)
Increase by 0,5% ($1.5 billion) since 2005
Reflects large increase in Russia, Spain, Turkey.
Decrease in Germany, Italy and UK.
Azerbaijan and Belarus (oil- rich ex-soviet republics in Eastern Europe) account for world’s highest increase (82% & 56%)
Croatia, Estonia. Latvia, Slovenia, Russia increase by 10% in 2006.
Hungary and Italy decreased military spending by 10% in 2006.
European Defense Agency
Consolidated military spending among EU countries to coordinate military procurements, research & development, to reduce costs and to profit from economies of scale.
Russia
$US 34.7 billion
4th largest spender in Europe
11% of total
12% increase in 2006
155% increase since 1998
2.5-3% of GDP
Eastern Europe
Highest increase of last 2 years
Georgia increased by 185% from 2005
Azeirbaijan increased by 82%
Armenia increased by 17%
Belarus increased by 56%
Middle East military expenditures (2006)
$ US 72.5 billion = 6% of total
2.8% increase over 2005
Saudi Arabia largest annual increase (14%); 57% increase from 1996-2007
Military expenditures in Sausi Arabia tend to follow oil prices
Region with highest GDP-military spending ratio; average 6% of GDP (1997-2005)
due to lack of transparency and accountability in military budget (i.e. 2007 BAE arms deal in UK > corruption involving “prince” badar, SA ambassador to the US)
Saudi Arabia increase due to threaths from Iran and other Shiite dominated countries in the region.
Biggest spender in the region ( 40% of total military spending in the middle east in 2006)
64% increase from 1996-2007
Israel
2nd largest military spender in middle east after Saudi Arabia
“democracy” but military budget secret.
Iran
3rd largest military spender in middle east after Israel.
23% increase`from 1996-2006
Largest increase in the region
Threaths perceived by US pressure in the region and tension over its nuclear program with the Int’community.
Conclusions
World military expenditure increased in 2006
US increase by 62%
US share in world total: 46%
(regional annual average increase offset by decreases in other countries)
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